Hydrocotyle ranunculoides

Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, known commonly as floating pennywort, or floating marshpennywort, is an aquatic plant in the family Apiaceae. It is native to North and South America.

Hydrocotyle ranunculoides
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Araliaceae
Genus: Hydrocotyle
Species:
H. ranunculoides
Binomial name
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides
Floating pennywort infestation in the River Soar, Leicester

Origin and invasiveness

Water pennywort is an aquatic plant, native to the Americas. Due to its popularity as a pond plant, and subsequent escape into rivers, it has established as an invasive alien species in parts of Europe, Australia, Africa and Japan.[1][2][3] It was one of five aquatic plants which were banned from sale in the UK from April 2014, and was the first prohibition of its kind there.[4] On the other hand, it is in decline in parts of its range in the United States.[5]

In Europe, floating pennywort is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).[6] This implies that this species cannot be imported, cultivated, transported, commercialized, planted, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.[7]

Description

Water pennywort has stems that spread horizontally and can float on water.[8] Leaves grow on petioles up to 35 cm long, and are round to kidney-shaped, with 3–7 lobes and crenate to entire margins.[9] Flowers are small, pale greenish white to pale yellow, and come in umbels of 5–13.[8] Fruits are small achenes that can float, helping the seeds to disperse.[8]

References
  1. "Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (floating pennywort)". Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved 3 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. "Invasive non-native species - indicator two". Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  3. "Aquatic invaders threat to biodiversity". The Ecologist. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  4. Kinver, Mark (2013-01-29). "UK bans sale of five invasive non-native aquatic plants". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  5. "Plants Profile for Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (floating marshpennywort)". USDA, NRCS. 2021. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. Retrieved 2021-02-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  7. "REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. John, Hilty. "Water Pennywort". Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved 16 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. "H. ranunculoides". Jepson Manual. University of California. Retrieved 16 December 2012.


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