Rhabdopleurida

Rhabdopleurida is one of three orders in the class Pterobranchia, which are small, worm-shaped animals, are the only surviving graptolites. Members belong to the hemichordates.[2][3] Species in this order are sessile, colonial, connected with a stolon, living in clear water and secrete tubes called tubarium. They have a single gonad, the gill slits are absent and the collar has two tentaculated arms.[4] Rhabdopleura is the best studied pterobranch in developmental biology.[5] Rhabdopleura is the only extant graptolite.[6][7]

Rhabdopleura
Rhabdopleura normani
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Hemichordata
Class:
Pterobranchia
Order:
Rhabdopleurida
Family:
Rhabdopleuridae

Allman, 1869[1]
Genera
  •  ?†Archaeocryptolaria Chapman 1919
  •  ?†Haplograptus Ulrich & Ruedemann, 1931 ex Ruedemann 1933
  •  ?†Malongitubus Hu 2005
  •  ?†Sphenoecium Chapman & Thomas 1936
  •  ?†Yuknessia Walcott 1919
  • †Calyxhydra Kozlowski 1959
  • †Chitinodendron Eisenack 1937
  • †Cylindrohydra Kozłowski 1959
  • †Diplohydra Kozlowski 1949
  • †Eorhabdopleura Kozlowski 1970
  • †Epigraptus Eisenack 1941
  • †Fasciculitubus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1967
  • †Graptovermis Kozlowski 1938 ex Kozlowski 1949
  • †Haliolophus Sars 1868
  • †Idiotubus Kozłowski 1949
  • †Kystodendron Kolowski 1959
  • †Lagenohydra Kozlowski 1959
  • †Palaeokylix Eisenack 1932
  • †Palaeotuba Eisenack 1934
  • †Rhabdopleurites Kozlowski 1967
  • †Rhabdopleuroides Kozlowski 1961
  • †Rhabdotubus Bengtson & Urbanek 1986
  • †Sphenothallus Chapman 1917 non Hall 1847
  • †Stolonodendrum Kozlowski 1938 ex Kozlowski 1949
  • †Xenotheca Eisenack 1937
  • Rhabdopleura Allman 1869
Synonyms
  • Order
    • Stolonoidea Kozlowski 1938
  • Family
    • Graptovermidae Kozlowski 1949
    • Idiotubidae Kozlowski 1949
    • Rhabdopleuritidae Mierzejewski 1986
    • Rhabdopleuroididae Mierzejewski 1986
    • Stolonodendridae Bulman 1955

Taxonomy

This small order is monotypic. It has only a single genus, containing four to six living species.

Order Rhabdopleurida Fowler 1892

Nomen dubium:

  • Rhabdopleura grimaldi Julien 1890 nomen dubium
  • Rhabdopleura manubialis Jullien & Calvet 1903 nomen dubium

Extinct species:

  • †Rhabdopleura delmari Mortelmans 1955
  • †Rhabdopleura graysoni Chapman, Durman & Rickards 1995
  • †Rhabdopleura hollandi Rickards, Chapman & Temple 1984
  • †Rhabdopleura kozlowskii Kulicki 1969
  • †Rhabdopleura obuti Durman & Sennikov 1993
  • †Rhabdopleura sinica Chapman, Durman & Rickards 1995
  • †Rhabdopleura vistulae Kozlowski 1956

References
  1. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3): 477–540. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1465. ISSN 1214-1119.
  2. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
  3. Eol.org
  4. Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates
  5. Sato, A; Bishop JDD; Holland PWH (2008). "Developmental biology of pterobranch hemichordates: history and perspectives". Genesis. 46 (11): 587–91. doi:10.1002/dvg.20395. PMID 18798243.
  6. Sato, A; Rickards, RB; Holland PWH (2008). "The origins of graptolites and other pterobranchs: a journey from 'Polyzoa'". Lethaia. 41 (4): 303–316. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00123.x.
  7. Mitchell, Charles E.; Michael J. Melchin; Chris B. Cameron; Jörg Maletz (2012). "Phylogenetic analysis reveals that Rhabdopleura is an extant graptolite". Lethaia. 46: 34–56. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00319.x. ISSN 0024-1164.
  • Marinespecies.org
  • ITIS.gov
  • Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S. (Ed.) (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-857356-1. 627 pp.


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