1281
Year 1281 (MCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| 1281 by topic |
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| Leaders |
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| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1281 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1281 MCCLXXXI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2034 |
| Armenian calendar | 730 ԹՎ ՉԼ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6031 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1202–1203 |
| Bengali calendar | 688 |
| Berber calendar | 2231 |
| English Regnal year | 9 Edw. 1 – 10 Edw. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1825 |
| Burmese calendar | 643 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6789–6790 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚辰年 (Metal Dragon) 3977 or 3917 — to — 辛巳年 (Metal Snake) 3978 or 3918 |
| Coptic calendar | 997–998 |
| Discordian calendar | 2447 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1273–1274 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5041–5042 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1337–1338 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1202–1203 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4381–4382 |
| Holocene calendar | 11281 |
| Igbo calendar | 281–282 |
| Iranian calendar | 659–660 |
| Islamic calendar | 679–680 |
| Japanese calendar | Kōan 4 (弘安４年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1191–1192 |
| Julian calendar | 1281 MCCLXXXI |
| Korean calendar | 3614 |
| Minguo calendar | 631 before ROC 民前631年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −187 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1823–1824 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金龙年 (male Iron-Dragon) 1407 or 1026 or 254 — to — 阴金蛇年 (female Iron-Snake) 1408 or 1027 or 255 |
Events
Asia
- August 15 – Battle of Kōan (Hakata Bay): The second Mongol invasion of Japan is foiled, as a large typhoon – famously called a kamikaze, or divine wind – destroys much of the combined Chinese and Korean fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships.
- Kublai Khan orders the burning of sacred Taoist texts, resulting in the reduction in number of volumes of the Daozang (Taoist Canon) from 4,565 to 1,120.
- The Mon Kingdom of Hariphunchai falls, as its capital Lamphun (in modern-day Thailand) is captured by King Mangrai's Lannathai Kingdom.
Middle East
- October 29 – Second Battle of Homs: Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria, by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan.
- Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Söğüt tribe in central Anatolia; in 1299 he will declare independence from the Seljuk Turks, marking the birth of the Ottoman Empire.
- An offensive by the Byzantine Empire significantly reduces the size of the Kingdom of Albania, as it recaptures land seized from the Despotate of Epirus by Charles I of Sicily 10 years earlier.
Europe
- New Pope Martin IV excommunicates Michael VIII Palaiologos, who has newly re-established the Byzantine Empire in Constantinople, and authorizes Charles I of Anjou to make a Crusade against him, but this will be suspended the following year by the outbreak of the War of the Sicilian Vespers.
- July – Niccolò Bonsignori heads a hundred of Ghibelline exiles, in a failed attempt to topple the Sienese government.
Markets
- Guy of Dampierre, count of Flanders, licenses the first Lombard merchants to open a changing business in his realm.[1]
Religion
- February 22 – Frenchman Pope Martin IV succeeds Pope Nicholas III, as the 189th pope.
Births
- December 25 – Alice de Lacy, 4th Countess of Lincoln (d. 1348)
- Castruccio Castracani, duke of Lucca (d. 1328)
- Yuri III Danilovich, Grand Prince of Russia (d. 1325)
- Agnes of Austria, queen consort of Hungary (d. 1364)
- Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster (d. 1345)
- Hamdallah Mustawfi, Ilkhanid Iranian historian (d. 1349)
- Rudolf I of Bohemia (d. 1307)
- Sancia of Majorca, queen consort and regent of Naples (approximate date) (d. 1345)
Deaths
- February 16 – Gertrude of Hohenberg, queen consort of Germany (b. c.1225)
- September 10 – John II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal (b. 1237)
- October 8 – Princess Constance of Greater Poland (b. c.1245)
- December 24 – Henry V, Count of Luxembourg (b. 1216)
- date unknown – Ertuğrul, Turkish father of Osman I (b. 1198)
References
- Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.
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